4.12 Visualizing orthopaedic structures

4.12.1 X-Ray of a Hand

@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 1

High energy electromagnetic radiation allows the internal structures of the body, such as bones, to be seen in X-rays like these. (credit: Trace Meek/flickr)

(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 1)

4.12.2 Computed Tomography Scan

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  • The results of a CT scan of the head are shown as successive transverse sections.
  • Uses ionizing radiation (x-ray radiation)
  • Higher contrast visualization of bony structures

4.12.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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  • An MRI machine generates a magnetic field around a patient.
  • Higher contrast visualization of soft tissues

4.12.4 Ultrasound

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Ultrasonography is a totally safe noninvasive imaging technique. In contrast to computed tomography (CT) and X-rays, it does not emit ionizing radiation. Unlike magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it is safe for all patients, including those with cardiac pacemakers and metal implants, without any contraindications.

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4.12.5 Ultrasound in orthpaedics

  • Can be high resolution
  • Can offer real time assessment (i.e., patient can move, image is dynamic)
  • Sometimes referred to as the “orthopedic surgeon’s stethoscope”
  • Detection of tendon tears, tiny calcifications, and foreign bodies

4.12.6 Positron emission tomography

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PET highlights areas in the body where there is relatively high glucose use, which is characteristic of cancerous tissue. This PET scan shows sites of the spread of a large primary tumor to other sites.

(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 2)

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  • Can be used to track bone forming activity