1
Preliminaries
1.1
Preface
2
Syllabus
2.0.1
Teaching team
2.1
Schedule
2.2
Catalog Description
2.3
Prerequisites
2.4
Textbook/Suggested Resources
2.5
Reference materials:
2.6
Course topics
2.7
Course Objective
2.8
Learning Outcomes
2.9
Method of instruction:
2.10
Grading Standard
2.10.1
Major graded items
2.11
Assignments and communication
2.11.1
Expectations on student conduct for assignments and assessments
2.12
Academic integrity
2.13
Attendance, illness, and absences
3
Introduction
3.1
Course Introduction
3.1.1
Introductions
3.1.2
Objectives
3.1.3
Project
3.1.4
Almost-weekly anatomy quiz (Method TBD)
3.2
Conceptual Overview of Orthopaedic Biomechanics
3.2.1
The human body as a machine
4
Musculoskeletal Anatomy
4.1
Body level concepts
4.1.1
Gross and Microscopic Anatomy
4.2
Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body
4.2.1
Organ Systems of the Human Body
4.3
Anatomical Terms
4.3.1
Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body
4.3.2
Planes of the Body
4.3.3
Relative reference terms
4.3.4
Terms of action
4.4
Principal functions of the musculoskeletal system
4.4.1
Hematopoiesis
4.4.2
Elements of the Human Body
4.4.3
Protection of the vital organs
4.4.4
Support and motion
4.5
Principal anatomical structures examined to this course
4.6
Bones
4.6.1
Major boney structures examined in this course
4.6.2
Bone tissue types
4.6.3
Long bone
4.6.4
Anatomy of a Long Bone
4.6.5
Periosteum and Endosteum
4.6.6
Anatomy of a Flat Bone
4.6.7
Bone Features
4.7
Joints
4.7.1
Structural classification of joints
4.7.2
Synovial joints
4.7.3
Ball and socket
4.7.4
Bi-condylar joints
4.7.5
Bi-condylar joints
4.7.6
Multiple bone joints
4.7.7
Multiple bone joints
4.8
Soft Tissue
4.8.1
Soft Tissue
4.8.2
Muscle
4.8.3
Muscle groups
4.8.4
Tendons and ligaments
4.8.5
Articular cartilage
4.8.6
4.9
Critical joints discussed in this course
4.9.1
The hip
4.9.2
The knee
4.9.3
Spine
4.9.4
Anterior portion of the intervertebral joint
4.9.5
Vertebral attachments
4.10
Fracture
4.10.1
WARNING: Traumatic video coming
4.10.2
Fracture
4.11
Arthritis
4.11.1
Arthritis
4.11.2
Soft tissue damage
4.11.3
Repair
4.12
Visualizing orthopaedic structures
4.12.1
X-Ray of a Hand
4.12.2
Computed Tomography Scan
4.12.3
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4.12.4
Ultrasound
4.12.5
Ultrasound in orthpaedics
4.12.6
Positron emission tomography
4.13
Summary
4.13.1
Objective
5
Basic biomechanics
5.1
Forces, moments, and equilibrium
5.1.1
Forces
5.1.2
Moments
5.1.3
Equilibrium
5.2
“Mathematical tools” in biomechanics
5.2.1
Vectors and scalars
5.2.2
Relationship between vectors and scalars
5.2.3
Rigid body and flexible body assumptions
5.3
Review of Stress and strain
5.3.1
Normal stress
5.3.2
Shear stress
5.3.3
Stresses on arbitrary planes
5.3.4
Stress
5.4
Strain
5.4.1
Normal strain
5.4.2
Shear strain
5.4.3
Strain
5.4.4
A chain of relationships in biomechanics
5.5
Deformation and stiffness
5.5.1
Skeletal structures and types of load
5.5.2
Stiffness
5.5.3
Structural properties
5.6
Material properties
5.6.1
Stress
\(\Longleftrightarrow\)
Strain
5.6.2
Stress
\(\Longleftrightarrow\)
Strain
5.7
Energy and its relation to material response
5.7.1
Elastic-plastic behavior
5.7.2
Elastic-plastic behavior
5.7.3
Bone density and the elastic modulus
5.7.4
Energy and energy dissipation
5.7.5
Energy and energy dissipation
5.7.6
Toughness: brittle vs ductile
5.7.7
Strength vs toughness
5.7.8
Strength vs fatigue strength
5.8
Properties of bone
5.8.1
Mechanics of bone: anisotropy
5.8.2
Types of bone fracture
5.8.3
Types of bone fracture
5.8.4
Types of bone fracture
5.8.5
Types of bone fracture
5.8.6
Types of bone fracture
5.9
Geometric properties
5.9.1
Properties of a cross section
5.9.2
Properties of a cross section
5.9.3
Properties of a cross section
5.9.4
Properties of a cross section
5.9.5
Implications for a fracture callus
5.9.6
Stiffness as a function of healing time
5.9.7
IM Nail Diameter
5.9.8
Slotting
5.9.9
Mechanics of bone: viscoelasticity
5.9.10
Credits
6
Link dynamic models
6.1
Basic concepts
6.1.1
Viewpoints for analysis of biomechanical systems
6.1.2
Typical elements in a rigid body model
6.1.3
Engineering perspective – simple joints
6.1.4
Engineering perspective – complex joints
6.1.5
Kinematics
6.1.6
Modeling of muscle/tendon/ligament
6.1.7
Muscle/tendon model
6.1.8
Ligaments and capsules
6.1.9
Mechanical response of ligaments
6.1.10
Application of Link Dynamics Models
6.1.11
Three types of solution are available for any problem
6.2
Static analysis of the skeletal system
6.2.1
Static analysis
6.3
Computation of reaction forces
6.3.1
Equilibrium revisited
6.3.2
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.3
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.4
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.5
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.6
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.7
The problem of redundancy (a mathematical problem)
6.3.8
Additional examples of static analysis
6.3.9
Indeterminance
6.3.10
Example–rigid link analysis of body segments
6.3.11
6.3.12
6.3.13
The Joint Force Distribution Problem
6.3.14
Auxiliary conditions
6.3.15
Optimization Technique
6.4
The musculoskeletal dynamics problem
6.4.1
Methods to solve the dynamics problem
6.4.2
Body segment mass and geometric properties
6.4.3
Anthropometric Data
6.5
Anthropometry
6.5.1
Proportionality Constants
6.6
Sources of Anthropometric Data
6.7
Deficiencies And Shortcomings Of Anthropometric Data
6.8
Specific Examples Of Deficiencies
6.8.1
Mathematical models for mass properties
6.8.2
Muscle and ligament forces
6.8.3
Lines of action
6.8.4
Muscles cross joints
6.8.5
Efficient use of muscles
6.9
Joint stability
6.9.1
Idealized stability in synovial joints
6.9.2
Mechanisms for maintaining joint stability
6.9.3
Range of healthy joint contact forces
7
Mechanical Descriptions of Tissue
7.1
Introduction
7.1.1
The “material properties” of the musculoskeletal tissues
7.1.2
Challenges in biological material testing
7.1.3
Composition of bone
7.1.4
Collagen
7.1.5
Bone is a hierarchical composite material
7.1.6
Lowest hierarchical level
7.1.7
Highest hierarchical level
7.1.8
Highest hierarchical level, diaphysis
7.1.9
Cortical bone
7.1.10
Damage detection
7.1.11
Trabecular architecture
7.1.12
Differences between cortical and trabecular bone
7.1.13
Elastic anisotropy
7.1.14
Thought experiment: isotropic material
7.1.15
Uniform rectangular block pulled on both ends
7.1.16
Isotropic constitutive behavior
7.1.17
Is this how all materials behave?
7.1.18
Origin of anisotropic behavior in bone
7.1.19
Principal material coordinate system
7.1.20
Anisotropic behavior
7.1.21
Anisotropic behavior
7.1.22
Elastic constants
7.1.23
For isotropic material:
7.1.24
Lamé constants
7.1.25
Other material descriptions
7.1.26
Cortical bone is well described as transversely isotropic
7.1.27
Transversely isotropic
7.1.28
Have we covered it all?
7.2
Mechanical properties of cortical bone
7.2.1
Asymmetric stiffness and strength
7.2.2
Asymmetric stiffness and strength
7.2.3
Stiffness and strength with age
7.2.4
Graph Showing Relationship Between Age and Bone Mass
7.2.5
Volume fraction
7.2.6
Bone density
7.2.7
Relationship between bone density and volume fraction
7.2.8
Heterogeneity and variability
7.2.9
Mineral content
7.2.10
Heterogeneity and variability
7.2.11
Density and strength
7.2.12
Fatigue
7.2.13
Minor’s rule for fatigue
7.2.14
Creep
7.2.15
Creep
7.2.16
Plasticity and micro-structural damage
7.2.17
Strain rate sensitivity
7.3
Mechanical properties of trabecular bone
7.3.1
Trabecular bone behavior and large variability
7.3.2
Trabecular bone apparent density
7.3.3
Trabecular bone crush strength and age
7.3.4
Trabecular bone yield asymmetry
7.3.5
Trabecular bone yield anisotropy
7.3.6
Fatigue of trabecular bone
7.3.7
Post-yield damage of trabecular bone
7.3.8
Failure prediction
8
Cartilage biomechanics
8.1
Cartilage: Anatomy, Function, Biology, Biomechanics, Injury, And Surgical Treatment
8.1.1
What do you know about cartilage?
8.1.2
Why is this topic important to engineers?
8.2
Primary Functions of Articular Cartilage
8.3
Types of Cartilage
8.3.1
Cartilage sub-types
8.3.2
Hyaline Cartilage and Synovial Joints
8.3.3
Articular cartilage
8.3.4
Friction at articular surfaces
8.3.5
Exercise and cartilage wear (literature example)
8.3.6
Fibrocartilage - enthesis
8.3.7
Sidebar - Tendon healing (and its relationship to fibrocartilage)
8.3.8
Perichondrium
8.4
Articular cartilage composition, microstructure
8.4.1
Chondrocytes
8.4.2
Chondrocyte Distribution in Articular Cartilage
8.4.3
Articular cartilage zones
8.4.4
Organization of Cartilage
8.4.5
Slightly simplified view of Extracellular (porous) matrix
8.4.6
Collagen
8.4.7
Collagen
8.4.8
Collagen Structure
8.4.9
Structure and Arrangement of Collagen in Articular Cartilage
8.4.10
Strength of Collagen
8.4.11
Proteoglycans
8.4.12
Proteoglycan Aggregate
8.4.13
Water, ions
8.4.14
In summary:
8.5
Biomechanical Loading of Articular Cartilage
8.5.1
Viscoelasticity
8.5.2
Impact of arrangement of collagen on mechanical properties
8.6
Mechanical properties
8.6.1
Material Properties of Articular Cartilage
8.6.2
Uniaxial tensile test
8.6.3
Equilibrium stress-strain behavior
8.6.4
Intrinsic compressive properties
8.6.5
Intrinsic compressive properties
8.6.6
Intrinsic compressive properties
8.6.7
“Creep” manifestation in cartilage confined compression tests
8.6.8
Intrinsic compressive properties
8.6.9
Water content and compressive modulus
8.6.10
Pure Shear
8.6.11
Shear
8.6.12
Shear: collagen and modulus
8.6.13
Shear Stress
8.6.14
Stress relaxation
8.6.15
Compression and permeability (of cartilage plug)
8.6.16
Creep and stress relaxation
8.6.17
Permeability
8.6.18
Cartilage - putting it together
8.6.19
Clinical Correlate
8.6.20
Clinical Correlate
8.6.21
Clinical Correlate
8.6.22
Clinical correlates
8.7
Surgical repair options
8.7.1
Microfracture - 2 years
8.7.2
Microfracture - 2 years
8.7.3
Microfracture FAQ
8.7.4
Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation
8.7.5
Fresh frozen allograph
8.7.6
Evidence based medicine
8.7.7
Future directions in cartilage repair
8.7.8
Chondral scaffolds
8.7.9
Scaffold methods
8.7.10
Osteochondral scaffolds
8.7.11
Biologics
8.8
Lubrication of Articular Cartilage
8.8.1
Joint Lubrication
8.8.2
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
8.8.3
Boundary Lubrication (dominant for low loads)
8.8.4
Boundary Lubrication (dominant for low loads)
8.8.5
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
8.8.6
Fluid-film Lubrication
8.8.7
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
8.8.8
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
8.8.9
Schematic of Hydrodynamic Lubrication
8.8.10
Schematic of Hydrodynamic Lubrication
8.8.11
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
8.8.12
Squeeze-film Lubrication
8.8.13
Schematic of Squeeze-film Lubrication
8.8.14
Schematic of Squeeze-film Lubrication
8.8.15
Articular Cartilage Asperities and Lubrication
8.8.16
Asperities in Articular Cartilage
8.8.17
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
8.8.18
Modes of Mixed Lubrication
8.8.19
Modes of Mixed Lubrication
8.8.20
Modes of Mixed Lubrication
8.8.21
Variation of Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
8.8.22
Comparison of Hydrodynamic and Squeeze-film Lubrication under Rigid and Elastodynamic Conditions
8.8.23
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
8.8.24
Dynamic Relationship between Vertical Load and Hip Joint Lubrication
8.8.25
Dynamic Relationship between Vertical Load and Hip Joint Lubrication
8.9
Two Types of Wear of Articular Cartilage
8.9.1
Potential Methods for Articular Cartilage Degeneration
8.10
Articular Surface of Cartilage
8.10.1
8.11
Cartilage Mechanics
8.11.1
Mechanotransduction
8.11.2
Mechanotransduction in soft tissue
9
Ligaments and tendon mechanics (Bartel Chapter 4)
9.0.1
Summary: tendon and ligament composition and microstructure
9.0.2
Length scales in tendon and ligament
9.0.3
9.0.4
Typical stress-strain in tendon and ligament
9.0.5
Be careful!
9.0.6
Typical Whole Ligament Structural Properties (mean ± SD)
9.0.7
On the next few slides
9.0.8
Other simple models
9.0.9
Strain rate sensitivity of tendon fascicles
9.0.10
Summary of strain rate sensitivity
9.0.11
Hypothesized relationship between failure mode vs. age
9.0.12
Remodeling
9.0.13
Time dependence and creep
9.1
Intervertebral Disc
9.1.1
Composition
9.1.2
Other facts
9.1.3
Mechanics
9.1.4
Herniated, or slipped, disc
10
Muscle mechanics
10.0.1
10.1
Meniscus
10.1.1
Contact mechanics
10.1.2
Meniscus
10.1.3
Meniscus repair
11
Arthroplasty
11.1
Total Hip
11.2
Biomechanics of Total Hip Arthroplasticity (Jastifer)
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
Total Knee
11.9
Biomechanics of knee Arthroplasty (Jastifer)
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.20
11.21
12
Tendon and Ligament: Anatomy, Function and Mechanics
12.1
13
Tendon and Ligament Mechanics (Jastifer)
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.11
13.12
13.13
14
Muscle Mechanics (Jastifer)
14.1
14.1.1
14.1.2
Muscle Tissue
14.1.3
Dense Connective Tissue
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.6.1
Muscle Slides Bartel
15
Structural Analysis
16
Beam Bending
16.1
Beams in ortho
16.2
Observations of beam physical deflection
16.3
Definition of a beam
16.4
Kinematics of an Euler-Bernoulli beam
16.4.1
Assumed Euler-Bernoulli beam bending kinematics
16.4.2
Strain in a beam
16.4.3
Stress in a beam
16.5
Beam loads
16.5.1
Axial load in a beam
16.5.2
Definitions
16.5.3
Choice of coordinate system
16.6
16.6.1
Bending moments about
\(x\)
16.6.2
Bending moments about
\(y\)
16.7
Differential equations of static equilibrium
16.7.1
Axial static equilbrium
16.7.2
Bending static equilibrium
16.8
Summary of beam equations
16.9
Example: Uniform beam
16.9.1
With uniform loading
16.9.2
With uniform loading
16.9.3
Caution!!!
16.9.4
Contact Relationship Between Components
16.10
Bartel Chapter 5 Structural Analysis of Musculoskeletal Systems: Beam Theory
17
Torsion of solid shafts
17.1
Torsion of uniform bars (shafts)
17.2
Torsion boundary condition
17.3
Integration of torque
17.3.1
Notes
17.3.2
Summary of key equations
17.3.3
Examples
17.4
Advanced Structural Analysis of Musculoskeletal Systems
17.4.1
Torsion
17.4.2
Contact stress analysis
18
Finite elements
18.1
Intro by example: spring elements
18.1.1
Consider adding a second spring to the system
18.1.2
Note: this process can also be accomplished through other methods such a through variational principles
18.2
Brief summary of FEA
18.3
Example of discretization
18.4
Comments on the matrices
18.5
Interpolation functions
18.6
1D Truss Element
18.6.1
Natural coordinate system
18.7
Boundary conditions
18.7.1
Elimination method
18.7.2
Example: elimination method with symbols
18.7.3
Example: elimination method with no applied force
18.7.4
Example: elimination method with applied force
18.7.5
Example: elimination method via partitioning with applied force
18.7.6
Example: Penalty approach
18.7.7
Problems with the penalty approarch
18.8
Quadratic shape functions for bar elements
18.9
Temperature effects
18.10
2D Isoparametric elements and numerical integration
18.10.1
2D Quad Element
18.11
Numerical integration
19
Bartel Chapter 7 Bone Implant Systems
19.0.1
Implant materials
19.0.2
Fracture fixation devices
19.0.3
Joint replacement (Guest Lecture)
19.0.4
Joint replacement (Dr. Gustafson)
19.0.5
Implant systems
20
Bartel Chapter 8 Fracture Fixation Devices materials were covered by Drs. Jaster and Geeslin
20.1
20.2
21
Bartel Chapter 9 Total Hip Replacement
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
22
Bartel Chapter 10: Total Knee Replacement
22.1
22.2
22.3
23
Bartel Chapter 11: Articulating Surfaces
23.1
23.2
23.3
The shoulder
23.4
Covering of the humeral head
23.5
Key anatomy
23.6
Humeral Head
23.7
Stability
23.8
Hierarchy of stability mechanisms
23.9
Passive elements in gleno-humeral stability
23.10
Bony elements
23.11
Scapular inclination
23.12
Labrum, Capsule, and Articular Surface
23.12.1
The visoelastic piston model
23.13
Piston in a vacuum
23.14
Capillary attraction
23.15
23.16
The reinforcing ligamentous structures
23.17
Inferior gleno-humeral ligament
23.18
Middle gleno-humeral ligament
23.19
Superior gleno-humeral ligament and the coracohumeral ligament
23.20
Dynamic elements in gleno-humeral stability
23.21
Rotator cuff
23.22
The overall function of the dynamic stabilizers
23.23
Abduction
23.24
Adduction
23.25
Flexion
23.26
Extension
23.27
Internal rotation
23.28
External roation
23.29
Summary
23.30
Mobility
23.31
Gleno-humeral movement
23.32
Scapulo-thoracic movment
23.33
Forces observed at the gleno-humeral joint
23.34
The position of the upper limb
23.35
23.36
Demonstration
23.37
Muscles
24
Primer on Statistics
25
Probability Distributions
25.1
Introduction
25.2
Question for this lecture?
25.3
Sleepy?
25.4
Random variables
25.5
Types of probability distribution
25.6
Normal distribution
25.7
Normal (Gaussian) distribution
25.7.1
Histogram and idealized probability density function
25.8
Normal (Gaussian) distribution
25.9
Normal (Gaussian) distribution
25.9.1
Histogram and idealized probability density function
25.10
Normal (Gaussian) distribution
25.11
Bi-modal distributions
25.12
Non-parametric distribution
25.13
Assumptions regarding distribution of continuous variables
25.14
Categorical distributions
25.15
Bathtub Curve
26
The Foundations of Statistic Analysis
26.1
Populations and samples
26.2
Populations and samples
26.3
Populations and samples
26.4
Inference
26.5
Inference, hypothesis testing
26.6
Confidence intervals
26.6.1
Confidence interval
26.7
10 Sample sets of 5 samples
26.8
10 Sample sets of 5 samples
26.9
10 Sample sets of 10 samples
26.10
10 Sample sets of 20 samples
26.11
10 Sample sets of 100 samples
26.12
10 Sample sets of 1000 samples
26.13
Confidence intervals
26.14
Inference, hypothesis testing
26.15
Measurement and Bias
26.16
Bias
26.17
Example: Do most smurfs like ice cream?
26.17.1
Bias can be introduced by good intentions
26.18
Example: Do most smurfs like ice cream?
26.18.1
Bias can be introduced by good intentions
26.19
Example: Do most smurfs like ice cream?
26.19.1
Bias can be introduced by good intentions
26.20
Example: Do most smurfs like ice cream?
26.20.1
Bias can be introduced by good intentions
26.21
Measurement and Instruments
26.21.1
Accuracy vs precision
26.22
Measurements
26.23
Measurements
26.24
Sensitivity and specificity
26.25
Sensitivity and specificity
26.25.1
TSA and Airport Security
26.26
Sensitivity and specificity
26.26.1
TSA and Airport Security
26.27
Sensitivity and specificity
26.27.1
TSA and Airport Security
26.28
Dependency, correlation, and causation
26.29
Dependency, correlation, and causation
26.30
Hypothesis Testing
26.31
Is there a real difference in the means?
26.32
Null and alternative hypotheses
26.33
Probability of data, given the null hypothesis
26.34
Error types
26.35
Type I error rate (
\(α\)
)
26.35.1
False positives
26.36
Type II error rate (
\(β\)
)
26.36.1
False negatives
26.37
p-value, power and sample size
26.38
Power analysis
26.38.1
a priori power analysis
26.39
Power analysis
26.39.1
Post-hoc power analysis
26.40
Implications of power analysis
26.41
Implications of power analysis
26.42
Types of statistics and statistical tests
26.42.1
Descriptive statistics
26.43
One-variable and descriptive statistics
26.44
Two-variable statistics
26.45
Two-variable statistics
26.46
Recommended methods from expertconsultbook.com
26.47
Clinical Study Types
26.48
Experimental versus observational studies
26.49
Randomized controlled trial
26.50
Observational studies
26.51
Prospective observational studies
26.52
Retrospective observational studies
26.53
Strength of the evidence
26.54
Hints for reading the literature
27
Examples of power analysis calculations using R
27.1
T-Test
27.2
Arguments to pwr.t.test:
27.3
One sided vs two sided
27.4
One sided vs two sided
27.5
Examples
27.6
Examples
27.7
T-Test
27.8
Power for an anova
27.8.1
(Multiple groups, continous outcomes)
27.9
Arguments:
27.10
Examples
28
Sizing based on initial data – look a ficticious data
28.1
Alternative methods for the same result
28.2
Anova test compares more than two groups
28.3
Max value of between.var if only 10 can be tested.
28.4
Group variance if only 10 or 20 can be tested
28.5
Power if only 10 or 20 can be tested.
28.6
Example for biomechanical testing of surgical suturing technique
28.7
28.8
28.9
28.10
28.11
28.12
28.13
28.14
Chi-square test – Test two categorical variables (chisq.test, table)
28.15
Tests for Normality
28.16
Example, tests for normality, large sample
28.17
Histogram
28.18
QQ Norm
28.19
Example, test for normality, small sample
28.20
Histogram
28.21
QQ Norm
28.22
Example, test for normality, medium sample
28.23
Histogram
28.24
QQ Norm
29
Sample survivorships study
29.1
Number of mortalities requiring suspension and likelihood of case 1 (mortalities were random at suspension) and case 2 (mortalities were random at minimum survivorship) given the assumed survivorship.
30
Appendix
30.1
Generalized Linear Models – Compare continuous outcomes that are functions of catorical variables. (glm)
30.2
Correlation compares to continous variables (cor.test, lm)
30.3
Anova
30.3.1
Post-hoc Tukey
30.4
Compute Tukey Honest Significant Differences –
31
OpenStax slides
31.1
OpenStax chapter 1 images
31.1.1
Metabolism
31.1.2
Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities
31.2
OpenStax chapter 2 images
31.3
OpenStax chapter 3 images
31.3.1
Mitochondrion
31.3.2
Multinucleate Muscle Cell
31.3.3
Pathways in Calcium Homeostasis
31.4
OpenStax chapter 4 images
31.4.1
The Neuron
31.4.2
Nervous Tissue
31.4.3
Tissue Healing (Skin)
31.5
OpenStax chapter 6 images
31.5.1
Arm Brace
31.5.2
Head of Femur Showing Red and Yellow Marrow
31.5.3
Classifications of Bones
31.5.4
Bone Cells
31.5.5
Diagram of Compact Bone
31.5.6
Diagram of Spongy Bone
31.5.7
Paget’s Disease
31.5.8
Diagram of Blood and Nerve Supply to Bone
31.5.9
Intramembranous Ossification
31.5.10
Endochondral Ossification
31.5.11
Longitudinal Bone Growth
31.5.12
Progression from Epiphyseal Plate to Epiphyseal Line
31.5.13
Types of Fractures
31.5.14
Stages in Fracture Repair
31.5.15
Synthesis of Vitamin D
31.6
OpenStax chapter 6 images
31.6.1
Lateral View of the Human Skull
31.6.2
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
31.6.3
Parts of the Skull
31.6.4
Anterior View of Skull
31.6.5
Lateral View of Skull
31.6.6
Cranial Fossae
31.6.7
Temporal Bone
31.6.8
External and Internal Views of Base of Skull
31.6.9
Posterior View of Skull
31.6.10
Sphenoid Bone
31.6.11
Sagittal Section of Skull
31.6.12
Ethmoid Bone
31.6.13
Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity
31.6.14
Maxillary Bone
31.6.15
Isolated Mandible
31.6.16
Bones of the Orbit
31.6.17
Nasal Septum
31.6.18
Paranasal Sinuses
31.6.19
Hyoid Bone
31.6.20
Vertebral Column
31.6.21
Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
31.6.22
Osteoporosis
31.6.23
Parts of a Typical Vertebra
31.6.24
Intervertebral Disc
31.6.25
Cervical Vertebrae
31.6.26
Thoracic Vertebrae
31.6.27
Rib Articulation in Thoracic Vertebrae
31.6.28
Lumbar Vertebrae
31.6.29
Sacrum and Coccyx
31.6.30
Herniated Intervertebral Disc
31.6.31
Ligaments of Vertebral Column
31.6.32
Thoracic Cage
31.6.33
Newborn Skull
31.7
OpenStax chapter 8 images: The Appendicular Skeleton
31.7.1
Dancer
31.7.2
Axial and Appendicular Skeletons
31.7.3
Pectoral Girdle
31.7.4
Scapula
31.7.5
Humerus and Elbow Joint
31.7.6
Ulna and Radius
31.7.7
Bones of the Wrist and Hand
31.7.8
Bones of the Hand
31.7.9
Carpal Tunnel
31.7.10
Hand During Gripping
31.7.11
Fractures of the Humerus and Radius
31.7.12
Pelvis
31.7.13
The Hip Bone
31.7.14
Ligaments of the Pelvis
31.7.15
Male and Female Pelvis
31.7.16
Femur and Patella
31.7.17
The Q-Angle
31.7.18
Tibia and Fibula
31.7.19
Bones of the Foot
31.7.20
Embryo at Seven Weeks
31.7.21
Clubfoot
32
OpenStax chapter 8 images: Joints
32.1
Introduction
32.1.1
Girl Kayaking
32.2
Types of joints
32.2.1
Suture Joints of Skull
32.2.2
Intervertebral Disc
32.2.3
Multiaxial Joint
32.2.4
Fibrous Joints
32.2.5
The Newborn Skull
32.2.6
Cartiliginous Joints
32.2.7
Subtypes of synovial joints
32.2.8
Bursae
32.2.9
Types of Synovial Joints
32.2.10
Osteoarthritis of a synovial joint
32.3
Movements of the Body
32.3.1
Movements of the Body
32.4
Joints in and around the head
32.4.1
Atlantoaxial Joint
32.4.2
Temporomandibular Joint
32.5
Appendicular joints (of interest to this course)
32.5.1
Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder)
32.5.2
Elbow Joint
32.5.3
Hip Joint
32.5.4
Knee Joint
32.5.5
Knee Injury
32.5.6
Ankle Joint
33
Miscellaneous
33.1
Differential equations of static equilibrium
33.1.1
Axial static equilbrium
ME5200 - Orthopaedic Biomechanics
25.12
Non-parametric distribution
Non-parametric distributions are not normally distributed.
Example: rain drop distribution on the ground