32.5 Appendicular joints (of interest to this course)
32.5.1 Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder)
@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9
The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is a ball-and-socket joint that provides the widest range of motions. It has a loose articular capsule and is supported by ligaments and the rotator cuff muscles.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9)
32.5.2 Elbow Joint
@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9
- The elbow is a hinge joint that allows only for flexion and extension of the forearm.
- It is supported by the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments.
- The annular ligament supports the head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint, the pivot joint that allows for rotation of the radius.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9)
32.5.3 Hip Joint
@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9
- The ball-and-socket joint of the hip is a multiaxial joint that provides both stability and a wide range of motion. (b)–(c) When standing, the supporting ligaments are tight, pulling the head of the femur into the acetabulum.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9)
32.5.4 Knee Joint
@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9
- The knee joint is the largest joint of the body. (b)–(c) It is supported by the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments located on the sides of the knee outside of the articular capsule, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments found inside the capsule. The medial and lateral menisci provide padding and support between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9)
32.5.5 Knee Injury
@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9
A strong blow to the lateral side of the extended knee will cause three injuries, in sequence: tearing of the tibial collateral ligament, damage to the medial meniscus, and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9)
32.5.6 Ankle Joint
@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9
The talocrural (ankle) joint is a uniaxial hinge joint that only allows for dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of the foot. Movements at the subtalar joint, between the talus and calcaneus bones, combined with motions at other intertarsal joints, enables eversion/inversion movements of the foot. Ligaments that unite the medial or lateral malleolus with the talus and calcaneus bones serve to support the talocrural joint and to resist excess eversion or inversion of the foot.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9)