32.3 Movements of the Body

@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9

@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9

• Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move.

• (a)–(b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints.

• (c)– (d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior-going movement is extension.

• 5. Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial– lateral) plane of movement. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body, or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints.
• 6. Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation).

(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9)

32.3.1 Movements of the Body

@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9

@OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9

• 7. Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an “X.” (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes.
• 1. Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline.
• 10. Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back.
• 11. Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it.
• 12. Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger.

(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 9)