31.5 OpenStax chapter 6 images
31.5.1 Arm Brace
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An orthopedist will sometimes prescribe the use of a brace that reinforces the underlying bone structure it is being used to support. (credit: Juhan Sonin)
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 6)
31.5.2 Head of Femur Showing Red and Yellow Marrow
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The head of the femur contains both yellow and red marrow. Yellow marrow stores fat. Red marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis. (credit: modification of work by “stevenfruitsmaak”/Wikimedia Commons)
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31.5.3 Classifications of Bones
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Bones are classified according to their shape.
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31.5.4 Bone Cells
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Four types of cells are found within bone tissue. Osteogenic cells are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts. When osteoblasts get trapped within the calcified matrix, their structure and function changes, and they become osteocytes. Osteoclasts develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 6)
31.5.5 Diagram of Compact Bone
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This cross-sectional view of compact bone shows the basic structural unit, the osteon.
In this micrograph of the osteon, you can clearly see the concentric lamellae and central canals. LM × 40.
(Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)
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31.5.6 Diagram of Spongy Bone
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Spongy bone is composed of trabeculae that contain the osteocytes. Red marrow fills the spaces in some bones.
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31.5.7 Paget’s Disease
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Normal leg bones are relatively straight, but those affected by Paget’s disease are porous and curved.
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31.5.8 Diagram of Blood and Nerve Supply to Bone
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Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the nutrient foramen.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 6)
31.5.9 Intramembranous Ossification
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Intramembranous ossification follows four steps. (a) Mesenchymal cells group into clusters, and ossification centers form. (b) Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes. (c) Trabecular matrix and periosteum form. (d) Compact bone develops superficial to the trabecular bone, and crowded blood vessels condense into red marrow.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 6)
31.5.10 Endochondral Ossification
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Endochondral ossification follows five steps. (a) Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. (b) The cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and the perichondrium form. (c) Capillaries penetrate cartilage. Perichondrium transforms into periosteum. Periosteal collar develops. Primary ossification center develops. (d) Cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at ends of the bone. (e) Secondary ossification centers develop. (f) Cartilage remains at epiphyseal (growth) plate and at joint surface as articular cartilage.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 6)
31.5.11 Longitudinal Bone Growth
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The epiphyseal plate is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 6)
31.5.12 Progression from Epiphyseal Plate to Epiphyseal Line
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As a bone matures, the epiphyseal plate progresses to an epiphyseal line. (a) Epiphyseal plates are visible in a growing bone. (b) Epiphyseal lines are the remnants of epiphyseal plates in a mature bone.
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31.5.13 Types of Fractures
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Compare healthy bone with different types of fractures: (a) closed fracture, (b) open fracture, (c) transverse fracture, (d) spiral fracture, (e) comminuted fracture, (f) impacted fracture, (g) greenstick fracture, and (h) oblique fracture.
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31.5.14 Stages in Fracture Repair
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The healing of a bone fracture follows a series of progressive steps: (a) A fracture hematoma forms. (b) Internal and external calli form. (c) Cartilage of the calli is replaced by trabecular bone. (d) Remodeling occurs.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 6)
31.5.15 Synthesis of Vitamin D
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Sunlight is one source of vitamin D.
(slide credit: @OpenStaxAnatomy2020 Ch. 6)