1
Preliminaries
1.1
Preface
2
Syllabus
2.0.1
Teaching team
2.1
Schedule
2.2
Catalog Description
2.3
Prerequisites
2.4
Textbook/Suggested Resources
2.5
Reference materials:
2.6
Course topics
2.7
Course Objective
2.8
Learning Outcomes
2.9
Method of instruction:
2.10
Grading Standard
2.10.1
Major graded items
2.11
Assignments and communication
2.11.1
Expectations on student conduct for assignments and assessments
2.12
Academic integrity
2.13
Attendance, illness, and absences
3
Introduction
3.1
Course Introduction
3.1.1
Introductions
3.1.2
Objectives
3.1.3
Project
3.1.4
Almost-weekly anatomy quiz (Method TBD)
3.2
Conceptual Overview of Orthopaedic Biomechanics
3.2.1
The human body as a machine
4
Musculoskeletal Anatomy
4.1
Body level concepts
4.1.1
Gross and Microscopic Anatomy
4.2
Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body
4.2.1
Organ Systems of the Human Body
4.3
Anatomical Terms
4.3.1
Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body
4.3.2
Planes of the Body
4.3.3
Relative reference terms
4.3.4
Terms of action
4.4
Principal functions of the musculoskeletal system
4.4.1
Hematopoiesis
4.4.2
Elements of the Human Body
4.4.3
Protection of the vital organs
4.4.4
Support and motion
4.5
Principal anatomical structures examined to this course
4.6
Bones
4.6.1
Major boney structures examined in this course
4.6.2
Bone tissue types
4.6.3
Long bone
4.7
Joints
4.7.1
Structural classification of joints
4.7.2
Synovial joints
4.7.3
Ball and socket
4.7.4
Bi-condylar joints
4.7.5
Bi-condylar joints
4.7.6
Multiple bone joints
4.7.7
Multiple bone joints
4.8
Soft Tissue
4.8.1
Soft Tissue
4.8.2
Muscle
4.8.3
Muscle groups
4.8.4
Tendons and ligaments
4.8.5
Articular cartilage
4.8.6
4.9
Critical joints discussed in this course
4.9.1
The hip
4.9.2
The knee
4.9.3
Spine
4.9.4
Anterior portion of the intervertebral joint
4.9.5
Vertebral attachments
4.10
Fracture
4.10.1
WARNING: Traumatic video coming
4.10.2
Fracture
4.11
Arthritis
4.11.1
Arthritis
4.11.2
Soft tissue damage
4.11.3
Repair
4.12
Visualizing orthopaedic structures
4.12.1
X-Ray of a Hand
4.12.2
Computed Tomography Scan
4.12.3
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4.12.4
Ultrasound
4.12.5
Ultrasound in orthpaedics
4.12.6
Positron emission tomography
4.13
Summary
4.13.1
Objective
5
Basic biomechanics
5.1
Forces, moments, and equilibrium
5.1.1
Forces
5.1.2
Moments
5.1.3
Equilibrium
5.2
“Mathematical tools” in biomechanics
5.2.1
Vectors and scalars
5.2.2
Relationship between vectors and scalars
5.2.3
Rigid body and flexible body assumptions
5.3
Review of Stress and strain
5.3.1
Normal stress
5.3.2
Shear stress
5.3.3
Stresses on arbitrary planes
5.3.4
Stress
5.4
Strain
5.4.1
Normal strain
5.4.2
Shear strain
5.4.3
Strain
5.4.4
A chain of relationships in biomechanics
5.5
Deformation and stiffness
5.5.1
Skeletal structures and types of load
5.5.2
Stiffness
5.5.3
Structural properties
5.6
Material properties
5.6.1
Stress
\(\Longleftrightarrow\)
Strain
5.6.2
Stress
\(\Longleftrightarrow\)
Strain
5.7
Energy and its relation to material response
5.7.1
Elastic-plastic behavior
5.7.2
Elastic-plastic behavior
5.7.3
Bone density and the elastic modulus
5.7.4
Energy and energy dissipation
5.7.5
Energy and energy dissipation
5.7.6
Toughness: brittle vs ductile
5.7.7
Strength vs toughness
5.7.8
Strength vs fatigue strength
5.8
Properties of bone
5.8.1
Mechanics of bone: anisotropy
5.8.2
Types of bone fracture
5.8.3
Types of bone fracture
5.8.4
Types of bone fracture
5.8.5
Types of bone fracture
5.8.6
Types of bone fracture
5.9
Geometric properties
5.9.1
Properties of a cross section
5.9.2
Properties of a cross section
5.9.3
Properties of a cross section
5.9.4
Properties of a cross section
5.9.5
Implications for a fracture callus
5.9.6
Stiffness as a function of healing time
5.9.7
IM Nail Diameter
5.9.8
Slotting
5.9.9
Mechanics of bone: viscoelasticity
5.9.10
Credits
6
Link dynamic models
6.1
Basic concepts
6.1.1
Viewpoints for analysis of biomechanical systems
6.1.2
Typical elements in a rigid body model
6.1.3
Engineering perspective – simple joints
6.1.4
Engineering perspective – complex joints
6.1.5
Kinematics
6.1.6
Modeling of muscle/tendon/ligament
6.1.7
Muscle/tendon model
6.1.8
Ligaments and capsules
6.1.9
Mechanical response of ligaments
6.1.10
Application of Link Dynamics Models
6.1.11
Three types of solution are available for any problem
6.2
Static analysis of the skeletal system
6.2.1
Static analysis
6.3
Computation of reaction forces
6.3.1
Equilibrium revisited
6.3.2
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.3
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.4
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.5
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.6
Force diagrams, statically equivalent forces, and “free body diagrams”
6.3.7
The problem of redundancy (a mathematical problem)
6.3.8
Additional examples of static analysis
6.3.9
Indeterminance
6.3.10
Example–rigid link analysis of body segments
6.3.11
6.3.12
6.3.13
The Joint Force Distribution Problem
6.3.14
Auxiliary conditions
6.3.15
Optimization Technique
6.4
The musculoskeletal dynamics problem
6.4.1
Methods to solve the dynamics problem
6.4.2
Body segment mass and geometric properties
6.4.3
Anthropometric Data
6.4.4
Mathematical models for mass properties
6.4.5
Muscle and ligament forces
6.4.6
Lines of action
6.4.7
Muscles cross joints
6.4.8
Efficient use of muscles
6.5
Joint stability
6.5.1
Idealized stability in synovial joints
6.5.2
Mechanisms for maintaining joint stability
6.5.3
Range of healthy joint contact forces
7
Mechanical Descriptions of Tissue (Bartel Chapter 3)
7.1
Introduction
7.1.1
Composition of bone
7.1.2
Elastic anisotropy
7.1.3
Material properties of cortical bone
7.1.4
Material properties of trabecular bone
8
Mathematical Models of Soft Tissue Mechanics (Bartel Chapter 4)
8.0.1
Ligaments mechanics
8.0.2
Time dependence!!!
8.0.3
Intervertebral Disk
8.0.4
9
Cartilage: Anatomy, Function, Biology, Biomechanics, Injury, And Surgical Treatment
9.1
Introduction to cartilage
9.1.1
What do you know about cartilage?
9.1.2
Why is this topic important to engineers?
9.1.3
Outline
9.1.4
Types of Cartilage
9.1.5
Cartilage subtypes
9.1.6
Fibrocartilage - enthesis
9.2
Tendon healing
9.3
Meniscus
9.4
Contact mechanics
9.5
Meniscus
9.6
Meniscus repair
9.7
Articular cartilage composition, microstructure
9.8
Chondrocytes
9.9
Chondrocytes
9.10
Collagen
9.11
Collagen
9.12
Proteoglycans
9.13
Proteoglycans
9.14
Water, ions
9.15
Articular cartilage zones
9.16
Articular cartilage
9.17
Hyaline Cartilage and Synovial Joints
9.18
9.19
Friction at articular surfaces
9.20
Mechanical properties
9.21
Equilibrium stressstrain behavior
9.22
Uniaxial tensile test
9.23
Intrinsic compressive properties
9.24
Shear
9.25
Shear: collagen and modulus
9.26
Creep
9.27
Stress relaxation
9.28
Creep and stress relaxation
9.29
Permeability
9.30
Clinical correlates
9.31
Surgical repair
9.32
Microfracture – 2 years
9.33
Surgical repair
9.34
Evidence based medicine
9.35
Future directions
9.36
Chondral scaffolds
9.37
9.38
Osteochondral scaffolds
9.39
Biologics
9.39.1
3 Types of Cartilage
9.39.2
Hyaline Cartilage and Synovial Joints
9.39.3
Primary Functions of Articular Cartilage
9.39.4
Composition and Structure of Articular Cartilage
9.39.5
Composition and Structure of Articular Cartilage
9.39.6
Chondrocyte Distribution in Articular Cartilage
9.39.7
Chondrocyte Distribution in Articular Cartilage
9.39.8
Composition and Structure of Articular Cartilage (continued)
9.39.9
Composition and Structure of Articular Cartilage (continued)
9.39.10
Collagen
9.39.11
Collagen Structure
9.39.12
Structure of Collagen in Articular Cartilage
9.39.13
Arrangement of Collagen in Articular Cartilage
9.39.14
Strength of Collagen
9.40
Material Properties of Articular Cartilage
9.40.1
Proteoglycan (PG)
9.40.2
Proteoglycan Aggregate
9.40.3
Water
9.40.4
Interaction Among Cartilage Components
9.41
Organization of Cartilage
9.42
Biomechanical Loading of Articular Cartilage
9.42.1
Arrangement of Collagen in Articular Cartilage
9.42.2
Arrangement of Collagen in Articular Cartilage
9.42.3
Viscoelasticity
9.42.4
Mechanical testing
9.43
Intrinsic compressive properties
9.44
Intrinsic compressive properties
9.45
Intrinsic compressive properties
9.45.1
Compression test of cartilage plug
9.45.2
Shear Stress
9.45.3
Pure Shear
9.45.4
9.45.5
9.45.6
9.45.7
9.45.8
Creep Test
9.45.9
Creep Test
9.45.10
Permeability
9.46
9.47
9.48
Putting it together
9.49
Clinical Correlate
9.50
Clinical Correlate
9.51
Clinical Correlate
9.52
Clinical correlate
9.53
Clinical correlate
9.54
Lubrication of Articular Cartilage
9.55
Joint Lubrication
9.56
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
9.57
Boundary Lubrication
9.58
Boundary Lubrication
9.59
Modes of Mixed Lubrication
9.60
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
9.61
Fluid-film Lubrication
9.62
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
9.63
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
9.64
Schematic of Hydrodynamic Lubrication
9.65
Schematic of Hydrodynamic Lubrication
9.66
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
9.67
Squeeze-film Lubrication
9.68
Schematic of Squeeze-film Lubrication
9.69
Schematic of Squeeze-film Lubrication
9.70
Articular Cartilage Asperities and Lubrication
9.71
Asperities in Articular Cartilage
9.72
Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
9.73
Modes of Mixed Lubrication
9.74
Modes of Mixed Lubrication
9.75
Variation of Lubrication Processes for Articular Cartilage
9.76
Comparison of Hydrodynamic and Squeeze-film Lubrication under Rigid and Elastodynamic Conditions
9.77
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
9.78
Dynamic Relationship between Vertical Load and Hip Joint
9.79
Dynamic Relationship between Vertical Load and Hip Joint
9.80
Two Types of Wear of Articular Cartilage
9.81
Potential Methods for Articular Cartilage Degeneration
9.82
Articular Surface of Cartilage
9.83
Characteristics
9.84
Perichondrium
9.84.1
9.85
Cartilage Mechanics (Jastifer Lecture)
9.86
10
Bone Mechanics (Jastifer)
10.1
Bone Fracture Mechanics
10.1.1
Functions of Bones
10.1.2
10.1.3
10.1.4
Microscopic observation
10.1.5
Haversian System
10.1.6
Bone Remodeling
10.1.7
Bone Remodeling
10.1.8
10.1.9
10.1.10
10.1.11
Bone Multicellular Unit
10.1.12
Microcracks
10.1.13
Bone repair
10.1.14
Direct bone healing
10.1.15
Indirect Bone Healing
10.1.16
Indirect repair summary
10.1.17
Bone Repair- response to catastrophic failure
10.1.18
Bone repair: Callus
10.2
Collagen orientation in woven bone (Callus)
10.2.1
Also Example 8.1
10.2.2
Fracture Mechanics
10.2.3
10.2.4
10.2.5
Why does resorption take place?
10.2.6
Resorption at fracture sites
10.2.7
Interfragmentary strain
10.2.8
10.3
Bone Biomechanics
10.4
Bone Biomechanics
10.5
Bone is viscoelastic:
10.6
Bone Mechanics
10.6.1
IM Nails
10.6.2
Torsional rigidity
10.6.3
Cross-Section Design
10.6.4
Slotting-Torsion
10.7
Biomechanics of Plate Fixation
10.7.1
10.7.2
Biomechanics of External Fixation
10.7.3
Biomechanics of External Fixation
10.8
Biomechanics of External Fixation
10.8.1
SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL FIXATOR STABILITY:
10.9
Biomechanics of Screws
10.10
Screw Anatomy
10.11
Biomechanics of Screw Fixation
10.11.1
Biomechanics of Screw Fixation
10.11.2
11
Arthroplasty
11.1
Biomechanics of Total Hip Arthroplasticity (Jastifer)
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
Biomechanics of knee Arthroplasty (Jastifer)
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
12
Tendon Ligament
13
Tendon and Ligament: Anatomy, Function and Mechanics
13.1
14
Tendon and Ligament Mechanics (Jastifer)
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
15
Muscle Mechanics
16
Muscle Mechanics (Jastifer)
16.1
16.1.1
16.1.2
Muscle Tissue
16.1.3
Dense Connective Tissue
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.6.1
Muscle Slides Bartel
17
Structural Analysis
18
Beam Bending
18.1
Definition of a beam
18.1.1
Definition of a beam
18.2
Kinematics of an Euler-Bernoulli beam
18.2.1
Definition of an Euler-Bernoulli beam
18.2.2
Kinematics of an Euler-Bernoulli beam
18.2.3
Strain in a beam
18.2.4
Stress in a beam
18.3
Beam loads
18.3.1
Axial load in a beam
18.3.2
Definitions
18.3.3
Choice of coordinate system
18.3.4
Bending moments about
\(x\)
18.3.5
Bending moments about
\(y\)
18.4
Differential equations of static equilibrium
18.4.1
Axial static equilbrium
18.4.2
Bending static equilibrium
18.5
Example: Uniform beam
18.5.1
With uniform loading
18.5.2
Caution!!!
18.5.3
Contact Relationship Between Components
18.6
Bartel Chapter 5 Structural Analysis of Musculoskeletal Systems: Beam Theory
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
Advanced Structural Analysis of Musculoskeletal Systems
18.10.1
Torsion
18.10.2
Contact stress analysis
19
Bartel Chapter 7 Bone Implant Systems
19.0.1
Implant materials
19.0.2
Fracture fixation devices
19.0.3
Joint replacement (Guest Lecture)
19.0.4
Joint replacement (Dr. Gustafson)
19.0.5
Implant systems
20
Bartel Chapter 8 Fracture Fixation Devices materials were covered by Drs. Jaster and Geeslin
20.1
20.2
21
Bartel Chapter 9 Total Hip Replacement
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
22
Bartel Chapter 10: Total Knee Replacement
22.1
22.2
22.3
23
Bartel Chapter 11: Articulating Surfaces
23.1
23.2
23.3
The shoulder
23.4
Covering of the humeral head
23.5
Key anatomy
23.6
Humeral Head
23.7
Stability
23.8
Hierarchy of stability mechanisms
23.9
Passive elements in gleno-humeral stability
23.10
Bony elements
23.11
Scapular inclination
23.12
Labrum, Capsule, and Articular Surface
23.12.1
The visoelastic piston model
23.13
Piston in a vacuum
23.14
Capillary attraction
23.15
23.16
The reinforcing ligamentous structures
23.17
Inferior gleno-humeral ligament
23.18
Middle gleno-humeral ligament
23.19
Superior gleno-humeral ligament and the coracohumeral ligament
23.20
Dynamic elements in gleno-humeral stability
23.21
Rotator cuff
23.22
The overall function of the dynamic stabilizers
23.23
Abduction
23.24
Adduction
23.25
Flexion
23.26
Extension
23.27
Internal rotation
23.28
External roation
23.29
Summary
23.30
Mobility
23.31
Gleno-humeral movement
23.32
Scapulo-thoracic movment
23.33
Forces observed at the gleno-humeral joint
23.34
The position of the upper limb
23.35
23.36
Demonstration
23.37
Muscles
24
Primer on Statistics
25
Probability Distributions
25.1
Introduction
25.2
Question for this lecture?
25.3
Sleepy?
25.4
Random variables
25.5
Types of probability distribution
25.6
Normal distribution
25.7
Normal (Gaussian) distribution
25.7.1
Histogram and idealized probability density function
25.8
Normal (Gaussian) distribution
25.9
Normal (Gaussian) distribution
25.9.1
Histogram and idealized probability density function
25.10
Normal (Gaussian) distribution
25.11
Bi-modal distributions
25.12
Non-parametric distribution
25.13
Assumptions regarding distribution of continuous variables
25.14
Categorical distributions
25.15
Bathtub Curve
26
The Foundations of Statistic Analysis
26.1
Populations and samples
26.2
Populations and samples
26.3
Populations and samples
26.4
Inference
26.5
Inference, hypothesis testing
26.6
Confidence intervals
26.6.1
Confidence interval
26.7
10 Sample sets of 5 samples
26.8
10 Sample sets of 5 samples
26.9
10 Sample sets of 10 samples
26.10
10 Sample sets of 20 samples
26.11
10 Sample sets of 100 samples
26.12
10 Sample sets of 1000 samples
26.13
Confidence intervals
26.14
Inference, hypothesis testing
26.15
Measurement and Bias
26.16
Bias
26.17
Example: Do most smurfs like ice cream?
26.17.1
Bias can be introduced by good intentions
26.18
Example: Do most smurfs like ice cream?
26.18.1
Bias can be introduced by good intentions
26.19
Example: Do most smurfs like ice cream?
26.19.1
Bias can be introduced by good intentions
26.20
Example: Do most smurfs like ice cream?
26.20.1
Bias can be introduced by good intentions
26.21
Measurement and Instruments
26.21.1
Accuracy vs precision
26.22
Measurements
26.23
Measurements
26.24
Sensitivity and specificity
26.25
Sensitivity and specificity
26.25.1
TSA and Airport Security
26.26
Sensitivity and specificity
26.26.1
TSA and Airport Security
26.27
Sensitivity and specificity
26.27.1
TSA and Airport Security
26.28
Dependency, correlation, and causation
26.29
Dependency, correlation, and causation
26.30
Hypothesis Testing
26.31
Is there a real difference in the means?
26.32
Null and alternative hypotheses
26.33
Probability of data, given the null hypothesis
26.34
Error types
26.35
Type I error rate (
\(α\)
)
26.35.1
False positives
26.36
Type II error rate (
\(β\)
)
26.36.1
False negatives
26.37
p-value, power and sample size
26.38
Power analysis
26.38.1
a priori power analysis
26.39
Power analysis
26.39.1
Post-hoc power analysis
26.40
Implications of power analysis
26.41
Implications of power analysis
26.42
Types of statistics and statistical tests
26.42.1
Descriptive statistics
26.43
One-variable and descriptive statistics
26.44
Two-variable statistics
26.45
Two-variable statistics
26.46
Recommended methods from expertconsultbook.com
26.47
Clinical Study Types
26.48
Experimental versus observational studies
26.49
Randomized controlled trial
26.50
Observational studies
26.51
Prospective observational studies
26.52
Retrospective observational studies
26.53
Strength of the evidence
26.54
Hints for reading the literature
27
Examples of power analysis calculations using R
27.1
T-Test
27.2
Arguments to pwr.t.test:
27.3
One sided vs two sided
27.4
One sided vs two sided
27.5
Examples
27.6
Examples
27.7
T-Test
27.8
Power for an anova
27.8.1
(Multiple groups, continous outcomes)
27.9
Arguments:
27.10
Examples
28
Sizing based on initial data – look a ficticious data
28.1
Alternative methods for the same result
28.2
Anova test compares more than two groups
28.3
Max value of between.var if only 10 can be tested.
28.4
Group variance if only 10 or 20 can be tested
28.5
Power if only 10 or 20 can be tested.
28.6
Example for biomechanical testing of surgical suturing technique
28.7
28.8
28.9
28.10
28.11
28.12
28.13
28.14
Chi-square test – Test two categorical variables (chisq.test, table)
28.15
Tests for Normality
28.16
Example, tests for normality, large sample
28.17
Histogram
28.18
QQ Norm
28.19
Example, test for normality, small sample
28.20
Histogram
28.21
QQ Norm
28.22
Example, test for normality, medium sample
28.23
Histogram
28.24
QQ Norm
29
Sample survivorships study
29.1
Number of mortalities requiring suspension and likelihood of case 1 (mortalities were random at suspension) and case 2 (mortalities were random at minimum survivorship) given the assumed survivorship.
30
Appendix
30.1
Generalized Linear Models – Compare continuous outcomes that are functions of catorical variables. (glm)
30.2
Correlation compares to continous variables (cor.test, lm)
30.3
Anova
30.3.1
Post-hoc Tukey
30.4
Compute Tukey Honest Significant Differences –
31
OpenStax slides
31.1
OpenStax chapter 1 images
31.1.1
Metabolism
31.1.2
Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities
31.2
OpenStax chapter 2 images
31.3
OpenStax chapter 3 images
31.3.1
Mitochondrion
31.3.2
Multinucleate Muscle Cell
31.3.3
Pathways in Calcium Homeostasis
31.4
OpenStax chapter 4 images
31.4.1
The Neuron
31.4.2
Nervous Tissue
31.4.3
Tissue Healing (Skin)
31.5
OpenStax chapter 6 images
31.5.1
Arm Brace
31.5.2
Head of Femur Showing Red and Yellow Marrow
31.5.3
Classifications of Bones
31.5.4
Anatomy of a Long Bone
31.5.5
Periosteum and Endosteum
31.5.6
Anatomy of a Flat Bone
31.5.7
Bone Features
31.5.8
Bone Cells
31.5.9
Diagram of Compact Bone
31.5.10
Diagram of Spongy Bone
31.5.11
Paget’s Disease
31.5.12
Diagram of Blood and Nerve Supply to Bone
31.5.13
Intramembranous Ossification
31.5.14
Endochondral Ossification
31.5.15
Longitudinal Bone Growth
31.5.16
Progression from Epiphyseal Plate to Epiphyseal Line
31.5.17
Types of Fractures
31.5.18
Stages in Fracture Repair
31.5.19
Synthesis of Vitamin D
31.5.20
Graph Showing Relationship Between Age and Bone Mass
31.6
OpenStax chapter 6 images
31.6.1
Lateral View of the Human Skull
31.6.2
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
31.6.3
Parts of the Skull
31.6.4
Anterior View of Skull
31.6.5
Lateral View of Skull
31.6.6
Cranial Fossae
31.6.7
Temporal Bone
31.6.8
External and Internal Views of Base of Skull
31.6.9
Posterior View of Skull
31.6.10
Sphenoid Bone
31.6.11
Sagittal Section of Skull
31.6.12
Ethmoid Bone
31.6.13
Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity
31.6.14
Maxillary Bone
31.6.15
Isolated Mandible
31.6.16
Bones of the Orbit
31.6.17
Nasal Septum
31.6.18
Paranasal Sinuses
31.6.19
Hyoid Bone
31.6.20
Vertebral Column
31.6.21
Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
31.6.22
Osteoporosis
31.6.23
Parts of a Typical Vertebra
31.6.24
Intervertebral Disc
31.6.25
Cervical Vertebrae
31.6.26
Thoracic Vertebrae
31.6.27
Rib Articulation in Thoracic Vertebrae
31.6.28
Lumbar Vertebrae
31.6.29
Sacrum and Coccyx
31.6.30
Herniated Intervertebral Disc
31.6.31
Ligaments of Vertebral Column
31.6.32
Thoracic Cage
31.6.33
Newborn Skull
31.7
OpenStax chapter 8 images: The Appendicular Skeleton
31.7.1
Dancer
31.7.2
Axial and Appendicular Skeletons
31.7.3
Pectoral Girdle
31.7.4
Scapula
31.7.5
Humerus and Elbow Joint
31.7.6
Ulna and Radius
31.7.7
Bones of the Wrist and Hand
31.7.8
Bones of the Hand
31.7.9
Carpal Tunnel
31.7.10
Hand During Gripping
31.7.11
Fractures of the Humerus and Radius
31.7.12
Pelvis
31.7.13
The Hip Bone
31.7.14
Ligaments of the Pelvis
31.7.15
Male and Female Pelvis
31.7.16
Femur and Patella
31.7.17
The Q-Angle
31.7.18
Tibia and Fibula
31.7.19
Bones of the Foot
31.7.20
Embryo at Seven Weeks
31.7.21
Clubfoot
32
OpenStax chapter 8 images: Joints
32.1
Introduction
32.1.1
Girl Kayaking
32.2
Types of joints
32.2.1
Suture Joints of Skull
32.2.2
Intervertebral Disc
32.2.3
Multiaxial Joint
32.2.4
Fibrous Joints
32.2.5
The Newborn Skull
32.2.6
Cartiliginous Joints
32.2.7
Subtypes of synovial joints
32.2.8
Bursae
32.2.9
Types of Synovial Joints
32.2.10
Osteoarthritis of a synovial joint
32.3
Movements of the Body
32.3.1
Movements of the Body
32.4
Joints in and around the head
32.4.1
Atlantoaxial Joint
32.4.2
Temporomandibular Joint
32.5
Appendicular joints (of interest to this course)
32.5.1
Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder)
32.5.2
Elbow Joint
32.5.3
Hip Joint
32.5.4
Knee Joint
32.5.5
Knee Injury
32.5.6
Ankle Joint
33
Miscellaneous
33.1
Differential equations of static equilibrium
33.1.1
Axial static equilbrium
ME5200 - Orthopaedic Biomechanics
15
Muscle Mechanics